Bulgaria

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Bulgaria (BG)

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ECRML
Signed
(UNSIGNED)
Ratified
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In Force
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FCNM
Signed
1997
Ratified
1999
In Force
1999
Country Description
Bulgarian descends from Old Church Slavonic - the first Slavic language to be standardised in writing in the 9th century. Originally based on the Glagolitic script developed by the Byzantine Greek Saints Cyril and Methodius, Cyril’s disciples at the Preslav Literary School of the First Bulgarian Empire developed the Early Cyrillic alphabet a few decades later, which was then adapted for use by many Slavic languages over time. Bulgaria also stands out in terms of European body language: especially in older generations, head nods map more to the meaning of “no”, while head shakes tend to indicate “yes”. The number of Bulgarian Sign Language users is an estimate, and a lack of Bulgarian Sign Language Interpreters has been recorded. Among the local languages not established by the chosen sources so far are Rusyn / Ruthenian, as well as Ukrainian, the speaker base of which has recently grown due to the large number of refugees.
Pan-National Official Language(s)
This category only includes languages that are official throughout the whole country (with the exception of Belgium) - languages that are e.g. regionally 'co-official' are not listed here but can be identified in the categories below wherever a relevant legal document is listed. A future update could include lists of co-official languages, as well. To increase their visibility, recognised Sign Languages are always listed as official languages even if they are not yet technically official. The data on legal recognition was aggregated from legal documents and official sources. Wherever possible, the national number was taken from a national census or recent study/official estimate – sources are listed. The endangerment level is adopted from Ethnologue and further estimates of endangerment can be found on the individual language profile (e.g. by clicking on 'Italian').
Language Endonym Geographic Area Source Legal Recognition Legal Document Source National Number Bases for Calculation Estimation Date Source Endangerment Level
Bulgarian
Slavic
Bălgarski ezik Whole country 1991 Constitution of Bulgaria 5 037 607 (given) Mother Tongue 2021 1 (National)
Bulgarian Sign Language (BZhE)
Sign Language
Bălgarski zhestomimichen ezik Whole Country 2021 Bulgarian Sign Language Act / ЗАКОН за българския жестов език Approx. 12 000 (not a census) Deaf Sign Language Users 2026 (Website accessed) 5 (Developing)
ECRML-Recognised Languages
This includes languages recognised under the European Charter of Regional and Minority Languages (ECRML). The data on legal recognition was aggregated from legal documents and official sources. Wherever possible, the national number was taken from a national census or recent study/official estimate – sources are listed. The endangerment level is adopted from Ethnologue and further estimates of endangerment can be found on the individual language profile (e.g. by clicking on 'Czech').
Language Endonym Geographic Area Source Legal Recognition Legal Document Source National Number Bases for Calculation Estimation Date Source Endangerment Level ECRML level
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Non-ECRML Languages – Source Overview
Languages marked with appear in that source. Languages listed in multiple sources may have differing data – see the detail tables below.
Language Ethnologue ELP
Aromanian/Vlach
Balkan Gagauz Turkish
Balkan Romani
Baltic Romani
Carpathian Romani
Crimean Tatar
Eastern Yiddish
English
French
Gagauz
German
Krymchak
Macedonian
Russian
Sinte Romani
Turkish
Vlax Romani
Western Armenian
Non-ECRML Languages (Ethnologue)
Languages listed with an 'established status' in Ethnologue. The data on legal recognition, national number, and endangerment level was taken from Ethnologue, reflecting its current state and gaps of knowledge.
Language Endonym Geographic Area Source Legal Recognition Legal Document Source National Number Bases for Calculation Estimation Date Source Endangerment Level
Aromanian/Vlach
Romance
Armãneashti Blagoevgrad and Kyustendil provinces; Pazardzhit province: Peshtera, Rakitovo, and Velingrad municipalities / / / 9 400 Users 2022 6a* (Vigorous)
Balkan Gagauz Turkish
Turkic
Rumeli Türkçesi Silistra province: Dulova municipality, near Isperih town. Deli Orman area (Gajal dialect) / / / / / / 7 (Shifting)
Balkan Romani
Indo-Aryan
Romani ćhib / Balkaniko Romanes Scattered near urban areas; Burgas, Gabrovo, Grad Sofiya, Sliven, and Sofiya provinces; Stara Zagora province: Kazanlak municipality. From Sofia to the Black Sea (Central dialect); central and northwest Bulgaria (Tinsmiths’ dialect); Sofia region (Arlija dialect); Sliven and Varna provinces (Drindari dialect) / / / 428 000 Users 2021 5* (Developing)
Crimean Tatar
Turkic
Qırımtatar tili Dobrich province: Krushari municipality / / / 1 370 Users 2011 5* (Developing)
Eastern Yiddish
Germanic
Yidish Scattered / / / No known L1 speakers / / 9 (Dormant)
English
Germanic
English / / / / 1 712 400 Users 2022 4 (Educational)
French
Romance
Français / / / / 157 000 Users 2022 5* (Dispersed)
Gagauz
Turkic
Gagauzça Dobrich province: Dobrich and Krusheri municipalities; Silistra province: Atafar and Kaybardzha municipalities; Varna province: Aksakovo municipality / / / 5 000 Users 2007 5* (Developing)
German
Germanic
Deutsch / / / / 557 800 Users 2022 5* (Dispersed)
Macedonian
Slavic
Makedonski jazik Blagoevgrad province: Blagoevgrad, Simitli, and Strumjani municipalities / / / 1 400 Users 2011 6b* (Threatened)
Russian
Slavic
Russkiy / / / / 1 675 800 Users 2011 5* (Dispersed)
Turkish
Turkic
Türkçe Burgas province: Kameno, Malko Tarnovo, east Sredets, Sozopol, and Tsarevo municipalities; Khaskovo and Kurdzhali provinces; Smolyan province: Banite, Madan, and Nedelino municipalities; Stara Zagora and Yambol provinces: small border areas 1991 National Education Act , No. 86/18.10.1991 / 514 000 Users 2021 5* (Dispersed)
Vlax Romani
Indo-Aryan
Romani cib Sofiya province: Ihtiman / / / 1 830 Users 2011 5* (Dispersed)
Western Armenian
Armenian
Arevmdahayerên Major cities / / / 5 620 Users 2011 5* (Developing)
Non-ECRML Languages (Endangered Languages Project)
Languages listed in the Endangered Languages Project (ELP). The data on legal recognition, national number, and endangerment level was taken from ELP, reflecting its current state and gaps of knowledge.
Language Endonym Geographic Area Source Legal Recognition Legal Document Source National Number Bases for Calculation Estimation Date Source Endangerment Level
Aromanian/Vlach
Romance
Armãneashti / / / / 123 300 (international) Speakers 2026 (Website accessed) Threatened
Balkan Gagauz Turkish
Turkic
Rumeli Türkçesi / / / / 331 000 (international) Speakers 2026 (Website accessed) Threatened
Balkan Romani
Indo-Aryan
Balkaniko Romanes / / / / 709 570 (international) Speakers 2026 (Website accessed) At risk
Baltic Romani
Indo-Aryan
Roma / / / / 58 460 (international) Speakers 2026 (Website accessed) Vulnerable
Carpathian Romani
Indo-Aryan
Central Romani / / / / 472 470 (international) Speakers 2026 (Website accessed) At risk
Crimean Tatar
Turkic
Qırımtatar tili / / / / < 100 000 (international) Speakers 2026 (Website accessed) Vulnerable
Gagauz
Turkic
Gagauzça / / / / 162 200 (international) Speakers 2026 (Website accessed) Vulnerable
Krymchak
Turkic
Krymchak / / / / Unknown Speakers 2026 (Website accessed) Citically Endangered
Sinte Romani
Indo-Aryan
Romanes / / / / 318 920 (international) Speakers 2026 (Website accessed) At risk
Vlax Romani
Indo-Aryan
Romani shib / / / / 885 970 (international) Speakers 2026 (Website accessed) At risk
Recognised Minorities
FCNM Status Religious Groups Ethnic / National Groups Linguistic Groups Comments Source for Groups and Comments (Name) Source for Groups and Comments (Link) National Reservations & Declarations Source for Reservations & Declarations
In force (1999) Eastern-Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant, Sunni Muslim, Shiite Muslim (Alawites), Judaism, Armenian-Gregorian Bulgarian, Turkish, Roma, Tatar, Jewish, Armenian, Circassian, Gagaouz, others Bulgarian, Turkish, Roma, others / Magazzini, T. (2024). When ethnicity is “national”: mapping ethnic minorities in Europe’s framework convention for the protection of national minorities. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 47(9), 1812–1833. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2024.2328338 "Declaration contained in the instrument of ratification deposited on 7 May 1999 - Or. Eng./Bulg. Confirming its adherence to the values of the Council of Europe and the desire for the integration of Bulgaria into the European structures, committed to the policy of protection of human rights and tolerance to persons belonging to minorities, and their full integration into Bulgarian society, the National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria declares that the ratification and implementation of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities do not imply any right to engage in any activity violating the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the unitary Bulgarian State, its internal and international security."

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