Cyprus

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Cyprus (CY)

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ECRML
Signed
1992
Ratified
2002
In Force
2002
FCNM
Signed
1995
Ratified
1996
In Force
1998
Country Description
Since Turkey’s 1974 invasion, the island of Cyprus remains divided, with the northern third under Turkish control. Approximately 300 000 Turkish speakers reside in northern Cyprus, including both Turkish Cypriots and more recent Turkish immigrants. Only around 1 500 Turkish speakers reside in the southern Republic of Cyprus - the EU Member State, which is primarily inhabited by Greek Cypriots. In northern Cyprus, Cypriot Maronite Arabic speakers traditionally lived in four villages, but most have relocated since the invasion – only around 300 mainly elderly residents remain in the former community centre of Kormakitis with some relatives visiting during weekends and holidays. There is no official national data on the number of deaf people in Cyprus and the number of deaf Sign Language users is estimated to be around 1 000. Among the local languages not established by the chosen sources so far are the Romani variants of Gurbetcha and Mandi.
Pan-National Official Language(s)
This category only includes languages that are official throughout the whole country (with the exception of Belgium) - languages that are e.g. regionally 'co-official' are not listed here but can be identified in the categories below wherever a relevant legal document is listed. A future update could include lists of co-official languages, as well. To increase their visibility, recognised Sign Languages are always listed as official languages even if they are not yet technically official. The data on legal recognition was aggregated from legal documents and official sources. Wherever possible, the national number was taken from a national census or recent study/official estimate – sources are listed. The endangerment level is adopted from Ethnologue and further estimates of endangerment can be found on the individual language profile (e.g. by clicking on 'Italian').
Language Endonym Geographic Area Source Legal Recognition Legal Document Source National Number Bases for Calculation Estimation Date Source Endangerment Level
Cypriot Sign Language
Sign Language
Kypriakí Noimatikí Glóssa Whole country 2006 Cypriot Sign Language Recognition Law Approx. 1 000 (not a census) Deaf Sign Language Users 2026 (Website accessed) Not listed
Greek
Greek
Elliniká Whole country 1960 Constitution, Art. 3 733 732 Language 2021 1 (National)
Turkish
Turkic
Türkçe Whole country 1960 Constitution, Art. 4 1 551 Language 2021 2 (Provincial)
ECRML-Recognised Languages
This includes languages recognised under the European Charter of Regional and Minority Languages (ECRML). The data on legal recognition was aggregated from legal documents and official sources. Wherever possible, the national number was taken from a national census or recent study/official estimate – sources are listed. The endangerment level is adopted from Ethnologue and further estimates of endangerment can be found on the individual language profile (e.g. by clicking on 'Czech').
Language Endonym Geographic Area Source Legal Recognition Legal Document Source National Number Bases for Calculation Estimation Date Source Endangerment Level ECRML level
Armenian
Armenian
Hayeren Lefkosia DIstrict, Larnaka District, Lemesos District 2002 ECRML 1 067 (given) Language 2021 6 (Shifting) Part II
Cypriot Maronite Arabic (Arabic)
Semitic
Sanna Lefkosia DIstrict, Larnaka District, Lemesos District 2008 ECRML 19 663 (listed as 'Arabic', given) Language 2021 7 (Shifting) Part II
Non-ECRML Languages – Source Overview
Languages marked with appear in that source. Languages listed in multiple sources may have differing data – see the detail tables below.
Language Ethnologue ELP
English
French
German
Pontic
Non-ECRML Languages (Ethnologue)
Languages listed with an 'established status' in Ethnologue. The data on legal recognition, national number, and endangerment level was taken from Ethnologue, reflecting its current state and gaps of knowledge.
Language Endonym Geographic Area Source Legal Recognition Legal Document Source National Number Bases for Calculation Estimation Date Source Endangerment Level
English
Germanic
English / / / / 930 500 Users 2020 4 (Educational)
French
Romance
Français Scattered / / / 82 340 Users 2020 4 (Educational)
German
Germanic
Deutsch / / / / 4 270 Users 2020 5* (Dispersed)
Pontic
Greek
Pontiaká Kyrenia district: Karpasia village; Lefkosia district: Nicosia / / / 800 Users 2017 7 (Shifting)
Recognised Minorities
FCNM Status Religious Groups Ethnic / National Groups Linguistic Groups Comments Source for Groups and Comments (Name) Source for Groups and Comments (Link) National Reservations & Declarations Source for Reservations & Declarations
In force (1998) / Greek Cypriots, Turkish Cypriote, Armenians, Maronites, Latins, others (foreign nationals) / / Magazzini, T. (2024). When ethnicity is “national”: mapping ethnic minorities in Europe’s framework convention for the protection of national minorities. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 47(9), 1812–1833. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2024.2328338 /

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