Greece

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Greece (EL)

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ECRML
Signed
(UNSIGNED)
Ratified
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In Force
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FCNM
Signed
1997
Ratified
(PENDING)
In Force
(PENDING)
Country Description
Greece is one of six countries in this database that does not legally have an official language, only a ‘de facto’ one: Greek. This is partly because the Greek Constitution avoided a direct declaration of “Greek” so as to not have to choose between two Greek varieties: Dimotiki, the spoken vernacular variety, and Katharevousa, the purified archaic variety. This “Greek Language Question” was debated over the course of decades and only resolved in 1976 when Dimotiki was finally established the official variety for education on all levels – although the law itself (Law 309, Article 2; enacted on April 30, 1976) was written in Katharevousa and only made reference to ‘Modern Greek’. Since 1951, official Greek censuses no longer count the number of minority languages speakers. Greece has not signed the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages (ECRML), and has only signed (but not ratified / enforced) the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FCNM). There is also no official national data on the number of Sign Language users in Greece; the number of deaf Sign Language users is estimated to be around 300 000. In some regions, the usage of sign language was historically stigmatised (see link below), although this situation has improved over time. At least according to one source (linked below), a conference at the University of Thessaly claimed in the course of International Mother Tongue Day, that around 800 languages are spoken in Greece, not counting dialects – which would be, they postulate, 1/10 of all languages in the world.
Pan-National Official Language(s)
This category only includes languages that are official throughout the whole country (with the exception of Belgium) - languages that are e.g. regionally 'co-official' are not listed here but can be identified in the categories below wherever a relevant legal document is listed. A future update could include lists of co-official languages, as well. To increase their visibility, recognised Sign Languages are always listed as official languages even if they are not yet technically official. The data on legal recognition was aggregated from legal documents and official sources. Wherever possible, the national number was taken from a national census or recent study/official estimate – sources are listed. The endangerment level is adopted from Ethnologue and further estimates of endangerment can be found on the individual language profile (e.g. by clicking on 'Italian').
Language Endonym Geographic Area Source Legal Recognition Legal Document Source National Number Bases for Calculation Estimation Date Source Endangerment Level
Greek Sign Language (ENG)
Sign Language
Ellinikí noimatikí glóssa Whole country 2000 (furthered in 2017) Law 2817 / Law 4488/2017 (Article 65 (2)) Communication of Persons with Disabilities with Administrative Authorities, Languages ​​and Forms of Communication / Άρθρο 65 - Νόμος 4488/2017 - Επικοινωνία ΑμεΑ με διοικητικές αρχές, γλώσσες και μορφές επικοινωνίας / Approx. 300 000 (not a census) Deaf Sign Language Users 2026 (Website accessed) 5 (Developing)
None ('De facto' official language: Greek)
Greek
Elliniká Whole country / / / 7 297 827 (given) Mother Tongue 1951 / 1 (National)
ECRML-Recognised Languages
This includes languages recognised under the European Charter of Regional and Minority Languages (ECRML). The data on legal recognition was aggregated from legal documents and official sources. Wherever possible, the national number was taken from a national census or recent study/official estimate – sources are listed. The endangerment level is adopted from Ethnologue and further estimates of endangerment can be found on the individual language profile (e.g. by clicking on 'Czech').
Language Endonym Geographic Area Source Legal Recognition Legal Document Source National Number Bases for Calculation Estimation Date Source Endangerment Level ECRML level
/
Non-ECRML Languages – Source Overview
Languages marked with appear in that source. Languages listed in multiple sources may have differing data – see the detail tables below.
Non-ECRML Languages (Ethnologue)
Languages listed with an 'established status' in Ethnologue. The data on legal recognition, national number, and endangerment level was taken from Ethnologue, reflecting its current state and gaps of knowledge.
Language Endonym Geographic Area Source Legal Recognition Legal Document Source National Number Bases for Calculation Estimation Date Source Endangerment Level
Ancient Greek
Greek
Hellēnikḗ Scattered. Religious language. / / / No known L1 speaker / / 9 (Second language only)
Aromanian/Vlach
Romance
Vláchoi / Armãneashti Central Macedonia: Pella area, southeast of Lake Vegoritis and into Imathia, Kastoria into Florina and Kozani; Epirus region: western Ioannina; Thessaly region: Trikala southwest corner; Western Macedonia: Grevena / / / 50 000 Users 1999 8a (Moribund)
Arvanitika
Albanoid
Arbërisht Attica region: Athens; Central Greece region: Voiotia, south Evvoia and Salamis islands; Peloponnese region: Argolis and Korinthia areas, Messinia, from Kalamitra northwest, Lakonia, east coastal area near Rikhea; Southern Aegean: Kyklades, Andros island north; Western Greece: northwest Achaia, north of Lapas. Mainly rural, 300 villages / / / 50 000 Users 2007 8a (Moribund)
Balkan Romani
Indo-Aryan
Romani ćhib / Balkaniko Romanes Epirus (Romancilikanes dialect); Western Macedonia (Serres dialect); Peloponnese region: (Pyrgos dialect) / / / 40 000 Users 1996 5* (Developing)
Bulgarian
Slavic
Bălgarski ezik Eastern Macedonia and Thrace region: Xanthi and 2 other departments / / / 75 900 (based on nationality) Users 2011 5* (Dispersed)
Cappadocian Greek
Greek
Kappadokiká Central Greece region: Mandra village; Central Macedonia: Neo Agioneri and Xirohori villages / / / 2 800 Users 2015 8b (Nearly extinct)
English
Germanic
English Widespread / / / 5 535 400 Users 2011 4 (Educational)
French
Romance
Français Scattered / / / 760 200 Users 2020 4 (Educational)
German
Germanic
Deutsch Scattered / / / 536 400 (based on ethnicity) Users 2020 5* (Dispersed)
Judeo-Italian
Romance
Giudeo-italiano Ionian Islands region: Kerkyra regional unit / / / 50 Users 2007 7 (Shifting)
Ladino/ Judaeo-Spanish
Romance
Judeoespañol / Djudeo-Espanyol Central Macedonia: Thessaloniki / / / 12 Users 2017 8b (Nearly extinct)
Megleno-Romanian
Romance
Vlăhește Central Macedonia region: Kilkis and Pella regional units, Meglen area, north of Salonika / / / 2 900 (based on ethnicity) Users 2020 6b (Threatened)
Pontic
Greek
Pontiakós Central Macedonia: Kilkis, Pella, Serres, and Thessaloniki except south of Kalamaria borough / / / 400 000 Users 2009 5* (Developing)
Romano-Greek
Greek
Elleno-romaniké Thessaly and Central Greece Administrative Unit; secret language, itinerant builders, especially in Evrytania and Fthiotis / / / 30,00 Users 2000 8b (Nearly extinct)
Slavic
Slavic
/ Central Macedonia region: Florina, Kilkis, Imathia, Pella, Serres, and Thessaloniki; Epirus region: Ioannina; Western Macedonia region: Kastoria except south Nestorio municipality, Kozani / / / Data very difficult to find / / 5* (Dispersed)
Tosk
Albanoid
Shqip Western Macedonia region: Florina and Kastoria, northeast of Lake Orestiada / / / 10 000 Users 2002 5* (Dispersed)
Tsakonian
Greek
Tsakonika Peloponnese region: Arkadia regional unit, Leonidio and Prastos towns; Kastanitsa, Melana, Pramatefti, Sapounakeika, Sitena, and Tyros villages / / / 1 500 Users 2010 8a (Moribund)
Turkish
Turkic
Türkçe Eastern Macedonia and Thrace region: Xanthi, west of Lake Vistorius, on Bulgaria border; Rodopi, Bulgaria border west of Komotini 1923 Treaty of Lausanne (Statutory provincial language in Xanthi, 2 other eastern provinces ) 48 900 Users 2010 2 (Provincial)
Vlax Romani
Indo-Aryan
Romani cib Attica region: Ajia Varvara, suburb of Athens; Epirus region: Parakalamos; Thessaly region: Karditsa regional unit, Sofades; Trikala regional unit / / / 1 000 / / 5* (Dispersed)
Western Armenian
Armenian
Arevmdahayerên Scattered, with largest communities in Attica and Thessaly and Central Greece / / / 32 000 Users 2020 5* (Developing)
Yevanic / Judaeo-Greek
Greek
Yevani glosa Epirus region: Ioannina / / / A few elderly speakers Users 2019 8b (Nearly extinct)
Non-ECRML Languages (Endangered Languages Project)
Languages listed in the Endangered Languages Project (ELP). The data on legal recognition, national number, and endangerment level was taken from ELP, reflecting its current state and gaps of knowledge.
Language Endonym Geographic Area Source Legal Recognition Legal Document Source National Number Bases for Calculation Estimation Date Source Endangerment Level
Aromanian/Vlach
Romance
Armãneashti / / / / 123 300 (international) Speakers 2026 (Website accessed) Threatened
Arvanitika
Albanoid
Arbërisht / / / / 50 000 (international) Speakers 2026 (Website accessed) Vulnerable
Balkan Romani
Indo-Aryan
Balkaniko Romanes / / / / 709 570 (international) Speakers 2026 (Website accessed) At risk
Baltic Romani
Indo-Aryan
Roma / / / / 58 460 (international) Speakers 2026 (Website accessed) Vulnerable
Cappadocian Greek
Greek
Kappadokiká / / / / Unknown Speakers 2026 (Website accessed) Endangered
Carpathian Romani
Indo-Aryan
Central Romani / / / / 472 470 (international) Speakers 2026 (Website accessed) At risk
Gagauz
Turkic
Gagauzça / / / / 162 200 (international) Speakers 2026 (Website accessed) Vulnerable
Ladino/ Judaeo-Spanish
Romance
Judeoespañol / Djudeo-Espanyol / / / / 110 310 (international) Speakers 2026 (Website accessed) At risk
Megleno-Romanian
Romance
Vlăhește / / / / 5 000 (international) Speakers 2026 (Website accessed) Threatened
Pontic
Greek
Pontiakós / / / / 324 540 (international) Speakers 2026 (Website accessed) Threatened
Sinte Romani
Indo-Aryan
Romanes / / / / 318 920 (international) Speakers 2026 (Website accessed) At risk
Tsakonian
Greek
Tsakonika / / / / 1 200 (international) Speakers 2026 (Website accessed) Severely endangered
Urum
Turkic
Urum / / / / 192 700 (international) Speakers 2026 (Website accessed) Endangered
Vlax Romani
Indo-Aryan
Romani shib / / / / 885 970 (international) Speakers 2026 (Website accessed) At risk
Recognised Minorities
FCNM Status Religious Groups Ethnic / National Groups Linguistic Groups Comments Source for Groups and Comments (Name) Source for Groups and Comments (Link) National Reservations & Declarations Source for Reservations & Declarations
Signed (1997), not ratified / / / / Magazzini, T. (2024). When ethnicity is “national”: mapping ethnic minorities in Europe’s framework convention for the protection of national minorities. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 47(9), 1812–1833. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2024.2328338 /

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