Finland
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Finland (FI)
ECRML
Signed
1992
Ratified
1994
In Force
1998
FCNM
Signed
1995
Ratified
1997
In Force
1998
Country Description
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Official Language(s)
To increase their visibility, recognised Sign Languages are always listed as official languages even if they are not yet technically official. The data on legal recognition was aggregated from legal documents and official sources. Wherever possible, the national number was taken from a national census or recent study/official estimate – sources are listed. The endangerment level is adopted from Ethnologue/Glottolog and further estimates of endangerment can be found on the individual language profile (e.g. by clicking on ‘Italian’).
| Language | Endonym | Geographic Area | Source | Legal Recognition | Legal Document | Source | National Number | Bases for Calculation | Estimation Date | Source | Endangerment Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Finland Swedish Sign Language (FinSSL) Sign Language |
Finlandssvenskt teckenspråk | Whole country | 2015 | Sign Language Act 359/2015 / Teckenspråkslag | / | Approx. 100 (not a census) | Deaf Language Users | 2025 | 8a (Moribund) | ||
|
Finnish Uralic |
Suomi | Finnish municipalities, 33 bilingual municipalities | 1863 (furthered in 1919) | Language Ordinance (Kieliasetus) / Constitution of Finland | / | 4 738 386 (given) | Speakers | 2024 | 1 (National) | ||
|
Finnish Sign Language Sign Language |
Suomalainen viittomakieli | Whole country | 1995 | Act on the Amendment of the Finnish Form of Government / Laki Suomen Hallitusmuodon muuttamisesta | / | Approx. 5 500 (not a census) | Native speakers | 2025 | 5 (Developing) | ||
|
Swedish Germanic |
Svenska | Swedish municipalties, 33 bilingual municipalities | 1863 (furthered in 1919) | Language Ordinance (Kieliasetus) / Constitution of Finland | / | 285 360 (given) | Speakers | 2024 | 1 (National) |
ECRML-Recognised Languages
This includes languages recognised under the European Charter of Regional and Minority Languages (ECRML). The data on legal recognition was aggregated from legal documents and official sources. Wherever possible, the national number was taken from a national census or recent study/official estimate – sources are listed. The endangerment level is adopted from Ethnologue/Glottolog and further estimates of endangerment can be found on the individual language profile (e.g. by clicking on ‘Czech’).
| Language | Endonym | Geographic Area | Source | Legal Recognition | Legal Document | Source | National Number | Bases for Calculation | Estimation Date | Source | Endangerment Level | ECRML level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Finland Swedish Germanic |
Finlandssvenska | Whole country | 1863 (furthered in 1919) | Language Ordinance (Kieliasetus) / Constitution of Finland | / | 285 360 (given) | Speakers | 2024 | 1 (National) | Part II & Part III | ||
|
Finnish Romani / Kàlo Indo-Aryan |
Kaalengo tšimb | Whole country | 1995, furthered in 2003 | Act on the Amendment of the Finnish Form of Government (Sami Language Act No. 1086, Statutory language of provincial identity) | / | Approx. 2 700 - 3 600 (estimate) | Speakers | 2023 (Publication) | 5* (Developing) | Part II | ||
|
Inari Sami Uralic |
Anarâškielâ | Sámi Homeland comprises the municipalities of Enontekiö, Inari and Utsjoki as well as the area of the Lapland reindeer herders’ cooperative in the municipality of Sodankylä; Utsjoki is a municipality with a Sámi-speaking majority | 1995, furthered in 2003 | Act on the Amendment of the Finnish Form of Government (Sami Language Act No. 1086, Statutory language of provincial identity) | / | 2 077 (listed as 'Sami', given) | Speakers | 2024 | 6b* (Threatened) | Part II & Part III | ||
|
Karelian Uralic |
Karjala | Whole country | 1998 | ECRML | / | 186 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2021 | 8a (Moribund) | Part II | ||
|
Mishar Tatar Turkic |
Mişär Tatar | Whole country | 1998 | ECRML | / | 234 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2022 | Not listed | Part II | ||
|
Russian Slavic |
Russkiy | Whole country | 1998 | ECRML | / | 95 535 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2022 | Unestablished | Part II | ||
|
Skolt Sami Uralic |
Nuõrttsääʹmǩiõll | Sámi Homeland comprises the municipalities of Enontekiö, Inari and Utsjoki as well as the area of the Lapland reindeer herders’ cooperative in the municipality of Sodankylä; Utsjoki is a municipality with a Sámi-speaking majority | 1995, furthered in 2003 | Act on the Amendment of the Finnish Form of Government (Sami Language Act No. 1086, Statutory language of provincial identity) | / | 2 077 (listed as 'Sami', given) | Speakers | 2024 | 7 (Shifting) | Part II & Part III | ||
|
Yiddish Germanic |
Yidish | Whole country | 1998 | ECRML | / | 1 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2022 | Not listed | Part II |
Non-ECRML Languages
This includes languages listed with an 'established status' in Ethnologue, the Endangered Languages Project or the UNESCO World Atlas (once it is available again). The data on legal recognition, national number, and endangerment level was taken over from the original source, reflecting these sources’ current state and gaps of knowledge.
| Language | Endonym | Geographic Area | Source | Legal Recognition | Legal Document | Source | National Number | Bases for Calculation | Estimation Date | Source | Endangerment Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
English Germanic |
English | Widespread | / | / | / | 3 895 600 | Users | 2021 | 4 (Educational) | ||
|
Estonian Uralic |
Eesti Keel | Kymenlaakso and Uusimaa regions; scattered throughout south coast | / | / | / | 50 200 | Users | 2021 | 5* (Dispersed) | ||
|
French Romance |
Français | Scattered | / | / | / | 443 350 | Users | 2021 | 5* (Dispersed) | ||
|
German Germanic |
Deutsch | / | / | / | / | 1 002 260 | Users | 2021 | 5* (Dispersed) | ||
|
Livvi Uralic |
Livvin kieli | North Karelia and South Karelia regions: scattered communities | / | / | / | 5 170 | Users | 2000 | 8b (Nearly extinct) |
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