Romania
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Romania (RO)
ECRML
Signed
1995
Ratified
2008
In Force
2008
FCNM
Signed
1995
Ratified
1995
In Force
1998
Country Description
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Official Language(s)
To increase their visibility, recognised Sign Languages are always listed as official languages even if they are not yet technically official. The data on legal recognition was aggregated from legal documents and official sources. Wherever possible, the national number was taken from a national census or recent study/official estimate – sources are listed. The endangerment level is adopted from Ethnologue/Glottolog and further estimates of endangerment can be found on the individual language profile (e.g. by clicking on ‘Italian’).
| Language | Endonym | Geographic Area | Source | Legal Recognition | Legal Document | Source | National Number | Bases for Calculation | Estimation Date | Source | Endangerment Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Romanian Romance |
Limba română | Whole country | 1923 | Romanian Constitution, Article 126 / CONSTITUŢIA ROMÂNIEI, Articolul 126 | / | 15 153 198 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2021 | 1 (National) | ||
|
Romanian Sign Language (LSR) Sign Language |
Limba semnelor române | Whole country | 2020 | LAW No. 27 of March 27, 2020 regarding Romanian sign language / LEGE nr. 27 din 27 martie 2020 privind limba semnelor române | / | Approx. 60 000 (not a census) | Deaf Sign Language Users | 2026 (Website accessed) | 5 (Developing) |
ECRML-Recognised Languages
This includes languages recognised under the European Charter of Regional and Minority Languages (ECRML). The data on legal recognition was aggregated from legal documents and official sources. Wherever possible, the national number was taken from a national census or recent study/official estimate – sources are listed. The endangerment level is adopted from Ethnologue/Glottolog and further estimates of endangerment can be found on the individual language profile (e.g. by clicking on ‘Czech’).
| Language | Endonym | Geographic Area | Source | Legal Recognition | Legal Document | Source | National Number | Bases for Calculation | Estimation Date | Source | Endangerment Level | ECRML level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Albanian Albanoid |
Shqip | Iasi, Constanta, Timis, Cluj, Bucharest | 2005 | National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2) | / | 421 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2021 | 5* (Dispersed) | Part II | ||
|
Armenian Armenian |
Hayeren | Constanta, Bucharest | 2005 | National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2) | / | 421 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2021 | 5* (Developing) | Part II | ||
|
Bulgarian Slavic |
Bălgarski ezik | Timiș county, Bucharest | 2007 | Law No. 282, Ratification, ECRML | / | 4 478 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2021 | 5* (Dispersed) | Part II & Part III | ||
|
Croatian Slavic |
Hrvatski | Caras-Severin | 2007 | Law No. 282, Ratification, ECRML | / | 4 664 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2021 | 5* (Dispersed) | Part II & Part III | ||
|
Czech Slavic |
Čeština | Mehedinti, Caras- Severin | 2005 | National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2) | / | 1 130 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2021 | 5* (Dispersed) | Part II & Part III | ||
|
German Germanic |
Deutsch | Suceava, Arad, Caras-Severin, Hunedoara, Timis, Cluj, Maramures, Satu-Mare, Alba, Brasov, Mures, Sibiu, Bucharest | 2001 | Local Public Administration Law No. 215, Article 40(7), statutory language of national identity | / | 15 943 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2021 | 4 (Educational) | Part II & Part III | ||
|
Greek Greek |
Elliniká | Iasi, Constanta, Bucharest | 2007 | Law No. 282, Ratification, ECRML | / | 1 069 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2021 | 5* (Dispersed) | Part II | ||
|
Hungarian Uralic |
Magyar nyelv | Constanta, Arad, Caras-Severin, Hunedoara, Timis, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Cluj, Maramures, Satu-Mare, Salaj, Alba, Brasov, Covasna, Harghita, Mures, Sibiu, Bucharest | 2001 | Local Public Administration Law No. 215, Article 40(7), statutory provincial language | / | 1 038 806 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2021 | 2 (Provincial) | Part II & Part III | ||
|
Italian Romance |
Italiano | Arad, Timis, Bucharest | 2005 | National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2) | / | 4 105 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2021 | 5* (Dispersed) | Part II | ||
|
Macedonian Slavic |
Makedonski jazik | Iasi, Constanta, Timis, Cluj, Bucharest | / | National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2) | / | 201 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2021 | 7 (Shifting) | Part II | ||
|
Polish Slavic |
Polski | Suceava, Bucharest | 2005 | National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2) | / | 1 539 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2021 | 5* (Dispersed) | Part II | ||
|
Romani Indo-Aryan |
Romani ćhib | Bacau, Iasi, Neamt, Buzau, Constanta, Galati, Calarasi, Giurgiu, Ialomita, Prahova, Teleorman, Dolj, Gorj, Mehedinti, Olt, Arad, Caras-Severin, Hunedoara, Timis, Bihor, Cluj, Maramures, Salaj, Alba, Brasov, Mures, Sibiu, Bucharest | 2001 | Local Public Administration Law No. 215, Article 40(7), recognised language | / | 199 050 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2021 | Balkan Romani - 6a* (Vigorous), Carpathian Romani - 5* (Developing), Vlax Romani - 6b (Threatened) | Part II | ||
|
Russian Slavic |
Russkiy | Botosani, Iasi, Suceava, Braila, Constanta, Tulcea, Bucharest | 2005 | National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2) | / | 14 414 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2021 | 5* (Dispersed) | Part II & Part III | ||
|
Rusyn / Ruthenian Slavic |
Rusîn'skyj jazyk | Iasi, Constanta, Timis, Cluj, Bucharest | 2005 | National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2) | / | 594 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2021 | Unlisted | Part II | ||
|
Serbian Slavic |
Srpski | Arad, Caras-Severin, Timis, Bucharest | 2005 | National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2) | / | 10 058 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2021 | 5* (Dispersed) | Part II & Part III | ||
|
Slovak Slavic |
Slovenský jazyk | Arad, Timis, Bihor | 2001 | Local Public Administration Law No. 215, Article 40(7), recognised language | / | 9 241 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2021 | 5* (Dispersed) | Part II & Part III | ||
|
Tatar Turkic |
Tatar tele | Constanta, Tulcea, Bucharest | 2005 | National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2) | / | 13 805 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2021 | Unestablished | Part II | ||
|
Turkish Turkic |
Türkçe | Constanta, Tulcea, Calarasi, Bucharest | 2005 | National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2) | / | 17 101 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2021 | 5* (Dispersed) | Part II & Part III | ||
|
Ukrainian Slavic |
Ukrainska mova | Suceava, Tulcea, Caras-Severin, Timis, Maramures, Bucharest | 2001 | Local Public Administration Law No. 215, Article 40(7), recognised language | / | 40 861 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2021 | 5* (Dispersed) | Part II & Part III | ||
|
Yiddish Germanic |
Yidish | Iasi, Bucharest | 2005 | National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2) | / | 597 (given) | Mother Tongue | 2021 | 7 (Shifting) | Part II |
Non-ECRML Languages
This includes languages listed with an 'established status' in Ethnologue, the Endangered Languages Project or the UNESCO World Atlas (once it is available again). The data on legal recognition, national number, and endangerment level was taken over from the original source, reflecting these sources’ current state and gaps of knowledge.
| Language | Endonym | Geographic Area | Source | Legal Recognition | Legal Document | Source | National Number | Bases for Calculation | Estimation Date | Source | Endangerment Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Aromanian/Vlach Romance |
Armãneasht | Constanta and Tulcea counties; Dobrudja region; major cities like Bucharest | 2007 | National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2) | / | 50 000 | Users | 2018 | 5* (Dispersed) | ||
|
Crimean Tatar Turkic |
Qırımtatar tili | / | / | / | / | < 100 000 (total) | Speakers | 2026 (Website accessed) | Vulnerable | ||
|
Dobrujan Tatar Turkic |
Budjak Nogai / Tatar tĭlĭ | Constanta county: Dobruja region | 2007 | National Minority Status Law, Article 3(2) | / | 22 000 | Users | 2006 | 5* (Developing) | ||
|
English Germanic |
English | / | / | / | / | 5 953 900 | Users | 2021 | 4 (Educational) | ||
|
French Romance |
Français | Scattered | / | / | / | 2 343 800 | Users | 2021 | 4 (Educational) | ||
|
Gagauz Turkic |
Gagauzça | Constanta and Tulcea countie | / | / | / | / | / | / | 5* (Developing) | ||
|
Krymchak Turkic |
Krymchak | / | / | / | / | Unknown | Speakers | 2026 (Website accessed) | Citically Endangered | ||
|
Transylvanian Saxon Germanic |
Siweberjesch Såksesch | Bistrita-Nasaud, Brasov, Hunedoara, Mures, and Sibiu counties: scattered | / | / | / | 19 000 (based on ethnicity) | Users | 2020 | 7 (Shifting) |
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